1. What is a program?

2. Source code vs. compiled code vs. interpreted code

3. Variables & data types

4. Operators

5. Control flow (if/else, switch)

6. Loops (for, while, do-while)

7. Functions / procedures

8. Scope & lifetime of variables

9. Recursion

10. Stack vs. Heap memory

11. Pointers & references (conceptually)

12. Error handling & exceptions

13. Debugging basics

14. Comments & documentation