Scalars, vectors, matrices, tensorsVector spacesVector operations (addition, scalar multiplication, dot product, cross product)Matrix operations (addition, multiplication, transpose)Identity matrix & inverse matrixDeterminantsSystems of linear equations (Gaussian elimination)Eigenvalues & EigenvectorsSingular Value Decomposition (SVD)Principal Component Analysis (PCA)Norms (L1, L2, Frobenius)Cosine similarityOrthogonality & projectionsSpan, basis, rank, nullityChange of basis